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Value added tax administration

Unit: Advanced Taxation

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August 2025

2 Questions
Question 1a
​​You have been appointed as a tax advisor to a contractor involved in infrastructure projects for a County Government. The contractor has recently received conflicting tax assessment from both the Revenue Authority relating to withholding tax and County Government relating to contractual service levy. The contractor believes the charges are duplicative and not grounded in clear provisions. The delays in resolving the dispute have stalled payments and strained the contractor’s cash flows. 

Required: 
(i) Explain the tax dispute resolution mechanism available to the contractor under Kenyan tax laws. 

(ii) Advise the contractor on the steps to take in resolving the tax dispute with the Revenue Authority and County Government. 

(iii) Propose FOUR institutional reforms that the County Government could implement to avoid similar tax disputes with contractors in the future.


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Question 1b
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​Barani Enterprises Ltd. is a value added tax (VAT) registered business involved in the sale and distribution of both taxable and exempt supplies. The following transactions were recorded in the books of the company for the month of April 2025: 
 
  • April 2: Sales at standard rate Sh.1,160,000. 
  • April 4: Sales made as exempt supply Sh.400,000. 
  • April 6: Purchase of goods for resale on credit Sh.580,000. 
  • April 9: Purchase of stationery on credit Sh.116,000. 
  • April 12: Purchase of fuel for company car Sh.87,000. 
  • April 15: Payment for entertainment expenses for clients Sh.58,000. 
  • April 18: Purchase of a saloon car for director Sh.1,160,000. 
  • April 20: Imported raw materials with customs and VAT paid Sh.232,000. 
  • April 22: Repairs to delivery truck used exclusively for distribution Sh.58,000. 
  • April25: Purchase of goods used in both exempt and taxable supplies for Sh.348,000. 
  • April 28: Rent for business premises to a landlord registered for VAT Sh.116,000. 
 
Additional information: 
  1. The company uses turnover-based apportionment for input VAT on mixed-use items. 
  2. Transactions are inclusive of value added tax (VAT) at the rate of 16%where applicable. 
 
Required: 
(i) Compute the output VAT for the month of April 2025. 

(ii) Determine the total input VAT incurred and identify which amounts are restricted under the VAT Act, 2013. 

(iii) Calculate the allowable input VAT claimable. 

(iv) Compute the VAT payable or refundable for the month of April 2025. 


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April 2025

1 Questions
Question 3b
​ ​ ​ ​ ​​The following information relate to Summer Ltd., a company registered for value added tax (VAT) purposes and is under tax investigation. The company has engaged you to assist in computation of their VAT payable for the month of December 2024.

 
December 1:
Opening inventory 6,400 units each costing Sh.400.
December 5:
Purchased goods on credit for Sh.584,000 and sold goods on cash basis at Sh.938,600. The suppliers also issued credit notes of Sh.48,000 and debit notes of Sh.19,200.
December 8:
The company made cash purchases of Sh.1,080,000. The goods were sold in the same day on cash basis at a profit margin of 25%.
December 12:
Purchased goods on credit from a VAT non-registered supplier worth Sh.420,000. The goods were sold on cash to VAT registered customer at a markup of 20%.
December 15:
Sold goods valued at Sh.218,000 after removal of their VAT certificate of registration from the business premises. They also did not issue tax invoices on the goods.
December 19:
Sold goods worth Sh.380,000. The customer paid a deposit of Sh.200,000 and the balance was to be received in January 2025.
December 20:
Imported goods from China valued at Sh.1,000,000 (cost, insurance and freight). Import duty was at the rate of 25%.
December 23:
It was established that the debt note and credit note for the month were overvalued by Sh.12,000 and Sh.8,400 respectively.
December 24:
Exported goods to Uganda worth Sh.680,000. 
December 28:
 Purchased goods on cash worth Sh.890,000.
December 30:
Paid the following expenses:
Sh.
Salaries and wages 
880,000
Electricity bill 
12,000
Water bill - county government 
18,800
Audit fees 
230,000
Rent expense (for three months each Sh.90,000) 
270,000
County government sewerage services fee
32,000
     
Transactions are inclusive of VAT at the rate of 16% where applicable. 

Required: 
Ascertain the correct VAT position for Summer Ltd. for the month of December 2024.               


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December 2024

1 Questions
Question 4b
​ ​ ​ ​​Sokoh Plc, a company registered for value added tax (VAT) purposes buys and sells goods locally and in the foreign markets. The following transactions were extracted from the books of the company for the month of September 2024:

September 2:
Purchased goods from local market for Sh.103,240.
September 4:
Imported goods from Japan with a landed cost of Sh.340,000 excluding import duty and value added tax. The import duty rate was 25% 
September 6:
Sold goods to the local market for Sh.180,960 on credit.
September 8:
Paid audit fees of Sh.17,400 in respect to establishing an internal control system.
September 10:
Goods valued at Sh.20,880 were returned to the business by credit customers and a credit note issued immediately.
September 12:
Paid for catering expenses Sh.26,680 in respect to a restaurant facility managed by another firm. 
September 14:
Sold goods to a firm operating in Egypt for Sh.480,000. 
September 16:
Received debit notes for 62,640 in respect to erroneous invoices received earlier. 
September 18:
Exported goods to Malawi valued at Sh.240,000.
September 20:
Purchased computer and computer software for Sh.208,800 for use in the business.
September 22:
Supplied unprocessed fruits and milk to Starlight Enterprise for Sh.170,000. 
September 24:
Sold goods to Lucky Enterprise for Sh.64,960. 
September 26:
Purchased oils and fuel of Sh.9,280 for a generator used in the business.
September 28:
A customer owing the business goods worth Sh.20,300 was declared bankrupt and the debt was written off immediately. 
September 30:
Sold goods exempt from VAT for Sh.250,000.

All transactions are inclusive of value added tax (VAT) where applicable unless otherwise stated. 

Required: 
(i) Calculate the value added tax (VAT) payable by or refundable to Sokoh Plc for the month of September 2024. 

(ii) Advise the management of Sokoh Ltd. on TWO omissions that if committed constitute VAT offences.  


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August 2024

1 Questions
Question 5c
​ ​ ​ ​ ​​(i) Explain the term “value added tax (VAT) reverse charge”.

(ii) The following information relates to Laser Limited, a company engaged in supply of taxable goods for the month of May 2024. The company was registered for VAT on 1 May 2024. 

1.
Inventory in trade at 1 May 2024 was valued at Sh.813,000.
2.
The company purchased goods on credit and cash worth Sh.4,750,000 and Sh.2,980,000 respectively. Goods purchased on cash worth Sh.180,000 did not have supporting fiscal receipts.
3.
The company sold goods worth Sh.8,768,000 during the month. These goods included exempt sales worth Sh.3,670,000 and exports to South Africa worth Sh.1,500,000.
4.
The company received credit notes and debit notes worth Sh.600,000 and Sh.540,000 respectively.
5.
During the month, the company purchased a motor vehicle on hire purchase at Sh.4,500,000 to be used in the business.The cash price was Sh.3,800,000.
6.
The company imported goods valued at Sh.2,400,000 (Cost, Insurance and Freight). The company incurred clearing and transport cost of Sh.450,000 and Sh.150,000 respectively. This import was not included in the purchases above. The import duty rate during the year was 25%. 
7.
The company incurred the following expenses during the month:
7.
Sh.
Legal expenses 
350,000
Salary and wages 
1,334,000
Office rent 
580,000
Water from county government 
89,000
Electricity
54,000
8.
The company could not identify goods sold as exempt when they were purchased and therefore restricted deductible input VAT. 
9.
Transactions are inclusive of VAT at the rate of 16% where applicable.

Required: 
Determine value added tax (VAT) payable by or refundable to Laser Limited for the month of May 2024. 


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April 2024

1 Questions
Question 2c
​ ​ ​ ​ ​​Weddy Associates is a practicing law firm that was registered for VAT in the year 2022. The following transactions were reported by the law firm accountant for the month of October 2023. 

October 2:
The firm provided consultation for legal information and advice to Weka Ltd. at a fee of Sh.1,200,000.
October 5:
 Offered training services to practicing accountants on alternative dispute resolution during the annual conference and invoiced the Institute of Accountancy Sh.800,000. The payment had not been received at the end of the month.
 October 9:
A client by the name Bima Ltd. was declared bankrupt. Weddy Associates had offered arbitration services to the client in April 2023 at a fee of Sh.480,000 but Bima Ltd. had only managed to settle Sh.200,000 by the time it was declared bankrupt.
October 11:
Weddy Associates entered into a contract with Apex Bank Ltd. to review the bank lease agreement following a dispute with the bank’s landlord on rent payment. The firm received an advance payment of Sh.400,000 from the bank and the balance of Sh.620,000 was to be received upon submission of the final legal report in November 2023.
October 16:
 Royal Ltd. engaged the firm to draft its Memorandum and Articles of Association and register the company with the registrar of companies at a fee of Sh.50,000.
 October 21:
Weddy Associates represented RR International Ltd., a diaspora client in arbitration case with a supplier and charged a fee of Sh.2,100,000. The client had only paid 30% of the total fee by end month.
October 25:
Weddy Associates engaged a professional legal firm in the United Kingdom (UK) to train the law firm employees on client mediation and arbitration process at a total fee of Sh.1,800,000 without VAT. The training was conducted just before the end month.
October 30:
The firm represented the following clients in the court in the course of the month and charged the fee as follows: 

  • Sh. Shakir family on property dispute 620,000
  • Bema Ltd. on breach of trade agreement 1,400,000
  • Safi hospital on patient negligence 360,000

The following expenses were incurred by Weddy Associates in the course of the month: 

  • Electricity paid during the month was Sh.120,000 out of which Sh.20,000 was paid as deposit for the electricity meter to the power and lighting company. 
  • Rent for the office space Sh.480,000. 
  • Mandatory annual continuing legal education subscriptions for firm lawyers Sh.360,000. 
  • Training fee for the advocates Sh.420,000. 
  • Fuel for partners vehicles Sh.90,000. 
  • Professional indemnity cover Sh.124,000. 
  • Purchase of law practice management and accounting software Sh.1,620,000. 
  • Office computers purchase Sh.2,400,000. 
  • Stationery Sh.300,000. 
Unless otherwise stated, all transactions were inclusive of value added tax (VAT) at the rate of 16% where applicable. 

Required: 
Compute the value added tax (VAT) payable by or refundable to Weddy Associates for the month of October 2023.           


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December 2023

1 Questions
Question 5b
​You have been appointed as the finance director of Pixes (Kenya) Ltd., which is a subsidiary of Pixes (UK) Ltd. The board of directors of Pixes (Kenya) Ltd. is concerned that the company may currently be incorrectly accounting for value added tax (VAT) following the numerous changes in the Kenyan tax system introduced through the finance Acts. In particular, they have drawn your attention to the following issues: 

  • VAT treatment on exported taxable services. 
  • Time of supply on imported taxable services. 
  • VAT treatment on taxable digital services. 
Required: 
Advise the Board of Directors of Pixes (Kenya) Ltd. on each of the THREE issues raised above.


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August 2023

1 Questions
Question 4b
​ ​ ​ ​ ​​KK Realtors are in the real estate business. They rent out two prime highrise buildings, one a residential apartment and the other an office block. They are registered for the monthly residential rental obligation as well as filing for value added tax (VAT). 

Details of their transactions for the month of December 2022 are provided below:

Incomes
Sh.“000”
Rent: Apartment
1,248,450
Rent: Office block
7,244,200
Expenses: 
Garbage collection
75,864
Sewerage
92,8090
Repairs and maintenance (outsourced to local company)
144,420 
Housing agents fee (5% of income)
Security firm (eight day and eight night guards) 
464,000
Insurance
580,000
Interest on bank loan
139,200
Caretakers’ salaries
92,800
Webhosting (by South Africa-based company) 
67,280
Audit and assurance fee 
1,334,000
Telephone and electricity 
52,952
Other staff salaries 
992,496
Architect’s fee (based in France) 
184,730

The following additional information is provided: 

1. With the exception of housing agents fee, webhosting and architect’s fee, a quarter of the expenses relate to the residential business while the rest relate to the office block. 2. Housing agents fee accrues based on the amount paid for income collected from each property. 
3. Webhosting and architects fee could not be directly attributed to either the residential apartment or office block. 
4. Tenants of the office block are agents for withholding value added tax (VAT) and withholding rental income. 
5. The figures provided are quoted inclusive of VAT where applicable.   

Required:
(i) Calculate the tax payable under the VAT and income tax obligations by KK Realtors for the month of December 2022. 

(ii) Show the withholding tax collected under the obligations in (b)(i) above, if any, as well as the net rent income received by KK Realtors, as cash.


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April 2023

1 Questions
Question 5b
​ ​ ​ ​ ​​The following transactions related to Miki Traders Ltd. for the month of December 2022:

1.
Sales and purchases transactions: 
Within the country Sh.
Outside the country Sh.
Sales
4,200,000
1,800,000
Purchases
2,280,000
3,000,000
Sales returns
360,000
-
Purchase returns 
186,000
-
Understatements: Sales 
540,000
-
Understatements: Purchases 
288,000
-
2
Purchase of capital items: 
Office furniture and fittings
84,000
-
Delivery truck on hire purchase 
3,600,000
(cash price Sh.3,000,000)
3
Expenses: 
Medical fees 
180,000
Sewerage service by government
6,000
Casual labour
480,000
Office rent
240,000
Hire of taxis for staff 
28,800
Customer satisfaction survey by a management consultant
165,000
Renovation of existing buildings 
780,000
Penalties for late payment of VAT 
18,000
4.
Imported goods were stated at Cost Insurance and Freight (CIF) value and were subject to customs duty at a rate of 25% on their entry into the country.
5.
Miki Traders donated goods worth Sh.150,000 and cash for Sh.120,000 to a children’s home. The goods were not included in the above sales.
6.
Transactions are stated as VAT inclusive at a rate of 16% where applicable.

Required:
(i)
Compute the VAT payable or refundable by Miki Traders Ltd. for the month of December 2022.
(ii)
Comment on the VAT payable/refundable.


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December 2022

1 Questions
Question 5c
​ ​ ​ ​ ​​Popote Ltd. is a manufacturer of vatable goods and the company is fully registered for value added tax (VAT) purposes. The company had the following transactions for the year ended 31 December 2021 which included VAT at the rate of 16% where applicable.

Sh.“000”
Sales at standard rate
10,680
Sales at zero rate 
2,400
Delivery van purchased 
3,600
Exempt sales 
4,800
Purchases at standard rate
7,200
Purchases at zero rate 
1,800
Rent for factory building
1,200
Audit and accountancy 
720
Printing and stationery
960

Additional information: 
1. Sales at standard rate include 20% which is in respect of export sales to another country. 
2. Purchases at a standard rate include imported vatable raw materials of Sh.1,500,000 exclusive of duty at 25%. 
3. The company confirmed that the value of goods purchased at standard rate and sold in the same state amounted to Sh.2,000,000 in the course of the year. 
4. Bad debts recovered previously written off amounted to Sh.240,000. 

Required: 
Compute the following for Popote Ltd. for the year ended 31 December 2021: 

(i) Input tax claimable. 

(ii) Output tax. 

(iii) VAT payable or refundable. 


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August 2022

1 Questions
Question 4b
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​Zawadi Associates provides consultancy services to various clients whose terms of contract allow clients to pay for the services either before or after the provision of the service. The following information is provided regarding the firm’s transactions for the months of October, November and December in year 2021.

Nature of service 
Value of service
Service provision date
Payment date
Audit services to XL Supermarkets
700,000
25 October 2021
5 November 2021 
Training services to Kyle Securities 
240,000
3 November 2021 
Not yet paid 
Accountancy services: Watoto Children’s Home 
600,000
5 December 2021 
20 November 2021
Debt collection services to Zuwela Computers 
820,000
9 November 2021 
30 November 2021
Strategic Plan development: Bazo (Rwanda) Ltd. 
2,150,000
10 November 2021 
Not yet paid 
Management consultancy: Sylok Investments 
1,440,000
13 November 2021 
40% paid on 13 November 2021 
Internal controls reviewed: Lema Ltd.
960,000
18 November 2021 
10% paid on 7 October 2021
Financial consultancy to W Ltd. 
1,200,000
20 November 2021 
1 December 2021 

Additional information: 
  1. Sylok Investments was declared bankrupt on 30 November 2021. 
  2. On 5 November 2021, Zawadi Associates renewed its national industrial training license for Sh.30,000 and paid for legal fees Sh.360,000 to follow up on clients who were not paying as per the agreed date. 
  3. Electricity bill paid on 10 November 2021 was Sh.270,000 out of which Sh.100,000 was payment for outstanding bill for October 2021 and Sh.20,000 was in respect of additional deposits as demanded by the power company. 
  4. Fuel consumed for partners’ vehicles amounted to Sh.90,000 during the month of November 2021. 
  5. Computers purchased for business use cost Sh.240,000 in November 2021. 
  6. Zawadi Associates paid rent for the month of November 2021 amounting to Sh.180,000 on 5 November 2021. 
  7. Transactions have been stated inclusive of VAT at the rate of 16% where applicable, unless otherwise stated. 
Required: 
(i) Compute the VAT payable by (or refundable to) Zawadi Associates for the month of November 2021. 

(ii) Zawadi Associates is planning to engage a firm of financial management consultants from South Africa to facilitate online training on financial management assignments. 

 Advise Zawadi Associates on the tax point in respect of such services.


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April 2022

2 Questions
Question 4c
​​Define the term "reverse charge" and indicate when it would apply (if at all) to Supa Bread Ltd.


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Question 4b
​ ​ ​​The following information relates to two businesses which are registered for value added tax (VAT) purposes: 

1.
Bebabeba Supermarket Ltd. 
They operate a soft drinks dispensing machine which uses special tokens which resemble coins. During the month of July 2021, the machine dispensed drinks worth Sh.300,000 inclusive of VAT. This dispensing machine is slotted with tokens after every one and a half months, that is, on restocking drinks in any month, the tokens are emptied midway the following month. The machine was restocked during the month of July 2021. 
2.
Supa Bread Ltd.
The firm bakes ordinary bread. During the month of August 2021 they made sales amounting to Sh.20,000,000, excluding VAT. They have arranged with a distribution company, who ensure bread is delivered to customers. The distribution company raised an invoice of Sh.2,000,000 for services rendered for August 2021. 

The electricity company also sent Supa Bread Ltd. a bill ofSh.3,000,000 for the month. The firm also hired advisory services from an overseas company and were billed Sh.1,000,000. The above figures are quoted inclusive of VAT unless stated otherwise.

Required:
For each of the two companies, or as otherwise stated, compute: 
(i)
The output VAT, if any, for the specified period.
(ii)
The input VAT (if any), (for Supa Bread Ltd.).
(iii)
The VAT payable (or refundable) for the specified period based on the information provided only.



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Question 5d
​ ​​Outline the documents which must accompany a claim for VAT refund under Section 24 (Bad Debts).


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December 2021

1 Questions
Question 3b
​ ​ ​ ​​​​Reward Investment Company Ltd., a company registered for value added tax (VAT) purposes, provided the following details in respect to the month of January 2021: 

  1. Purchased goods on credit for Sh.696,000 and for Sh.464,000 in cash respectively. 
  2. Invoices were issued for sales of Sh.371,200 to non-VAT registered customers. The invoices issued included exempt sales amounting to Sh.174,000 and the balance were at standard rate. 
  3. Purchased goods for Sh.672,800 from VAT registered businesses. However, goods valued at Sh.139,200 were returned to suppliers. 
  4. Received a debit note for erroneous invoicing of goods valued at Sh.73,080. 
  5. Issued credit notes for Sh.26,680 in respect of returns by credit customers. (c) 
  6. Settled electricity bills amounting to Sh.32,480. 
  7. Settled audit fees of Sh.27,840 by cash. 
  8. Received credit notes of Sh.62.640 for invoices received which had been overcast.
  9. Exported goods to Dubai for Sh.690,000.  
  10. Imported goods from Zambia for Sh.250,000 when import duty was at 20%.
  11. Total goods sold as exempt supplies during the month amounted to Sh.494,000. These supplies could not be traced from goods purchased at the standard rate. 
  12. Catering services to employees amounted to Sh.58,000 from a local restaurant. 
  13. A debtor for goods valued at Sh.45,240 was declared bankrupt and a bad debt relief granted. 
All transactions are stated inclusive of VAT at the rate of 16% where applicable unless otherwise stated. 

Required: 
Prepare a statement showing the following with regard to the transactions above: 
  • Input and output VAТ. 
  • Deductible input tax. 
  • VAT payable by or refundable to Reward Investment Company Ltd. 
  • Comments on the VAT payable or refundable.


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May 2021

1 Questions
Question 3b
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​Dera Suppliers Limited deals in both taxable and non-taxable supplies. 

The following transactions were extracted from the company's records for the month of September 2020:

Sh.
Purchases from local market
912,000
Sales to local market
1,710,000
Imports (exclusive of customs duty)
600,000
Export sales - South Africa
700,000
Export sales - Nigeria
350,000
Purchase of lubricants
456,000
Restaurant services paid
63,840
Tax consultancy fees
45,600
Printing and stationery
17,100
Electricity bills paid
31,920
Exempt sales
480.000
Ambulance services
20,000
Postage services
8,000
Audit fees
68.400

Additional information:
  1. Sales to the local market include goods supplied to Marine Fisheries and Fish Processors Ltd. for Sh.114,000. 
  2. Goods purchased at standard rate could not be directly identified from exempt sales. 
  3. The company received debit notes and credit notes of Sh.22,800 and Sh.36,480 respectively from suppliers. 
  4. The customs duty for imported goods was at 20%. 
  5. The company issued debit notes of Sh.74,100 in respect to sales at standard rate. 
  6. Sales and purchases to and from the local market were inclusive of VAT at the rate of 14% plus other transactions where applicable 
  7. A debtor of goods valued at Sh.28,500 was declared bankrupt and a debt relief waiver granted. Note: Assume transactions are quoted as inclusive of VAT at the rate of 14%, unless otherwise specified.
Required: 
Indicating any non-deductible input-tax and exempt supplies, compute: 

(i) Total input tax. 

(ii) Total output tax. 

(iii) Deductible input tax. 

(iv) Value added tax payable or refundable. 


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November 2020

1 Questions
Question 2b
​​Evaluate four factors inhibiting efficient administration of value added tax in your country


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November 2019

1 Questions
Question 2c
​​Xyeng China Company (K) Ltd. has been engaged in the building industry for many years. There has been an ongoing dispute with the revenue authority as to the amount of value added tax (VAT) that the company is liable to pay. 

According to the revenue authority's assessment, the company is supposed to pay Sh.5.6 million, whereas the company's assessment of the VAT payable is Sh.3.9 million. 

You have been provided with the following additional details relating to the company's transactions during the assessment period:

Purchases
Delivery date
Invoice date
Invoice amount(Sh.)
Payment date
Drilling machines
5 February 2019
10 March 2019
5,220,000
4 April 2019
Mobile crane
20 February 2019
8 March 2019
3,045,000
10 April 2019
Concrete mixer
18 February 2019
26 February 2019
3,770,000
2 May 2019
Poker vibrator
26 February 2019
12 March 2019
906,250
7 April 2019
Photocopying machine
12 March 2019
4 April 2019
174,000
5 May 2019
2 Forklifts
6 April 2019
20 April 2019
1,584,125
6 May 2019
700 Tonnes of cement
26 March 2019
4 April 2019
28,125,565
12 May 2019
Bottled mineral water
12 March 2019
8 April 2019
137,460
30 April 2019
Executive boardroom table
19 March 2019
4 April 2019
145,000
12 May 2019
Postal rental box
2 February 2019
24 February 2019
13,920
15 March 2019
Paint from ABC Ltd
14 April 2019
20 April 2019
3,117,500
12 May 2019
Petrol for trucks engaged in construction work
12 March 2019
19 March 2019
1,200,960
8 April 2019

Additional information: 
1. The company had negotiated a contract of Sh.84 million exclusive of VAT on 1 February 2019, for which it received a progress payment of Sh.52 million on 27 March 2019. The invoice had been raised earlier on 15 March 2019 based on the Architect's certificate for the value of work certified. 

2. The company had also on 18 February 2019 secured a tile fixing contract of Sh.18 million exclusive of VAT for which an installment payment of Sh.7.2 million was received on 12 March 2019 ahead of the completion date on 24 May 2019. The invoice was raised for full payment on completion. By the end of May 2019, the balance of the payment had not been received from the client. 

The above transactions are inclusive of VAT where applicable unless otherwise stated. 

Required: 
Advise Xyeng China Construction Company (K) Ltd. on: 

(i) The correct VAT position for the company for the period between February 2019 and May 2019. 

(ii) What action to take based on your analysis in (c) (i) above.


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November 2018

1 Questions
Question 3a
​​Tasia Ltd. is a merchandising company operating in Kenya. The following details of transactions were extracted from the company's records during the month of September 2017:
Sh."000"
Sales at standard rate
6,960,000
Exports to Egypt
1,200,000
Purchases at standard rate
4,060,000
Purchase of delivery van oils and fuels
371,200
Repairs of office furniture23,200
Audit fees
60,320
Wages
480,000
Purchase of stationery
55,680
Electricity bills not settled
46,400
Exempt supplies/sales
1,500,000
Legal fees
40,600
Purchases from traders not registered for VAT
134,000
Sales at zero rate
400,000

Additional information: 
1. The value added tax accountant established that 20% of the standard rate purchases were sold as standard rate sales. 

2. Sales at standard rate included goods valued at Sh.139,200 sold to a credit customer who was declared bankrupt during the month. 

3. A customer returned goods sold at standard rate valued at Sh.29,000 to the company, and a credit note was issued immediately. 

4. Credit suppliers issued debit notes in respect to supplies at standard rate amounting to Sh.580,000. 

5. The accountant established that an invoice of Sh.180,000 from a foreign supplier was not recorded in the books. The import duty for these goods was at a rate of 20%. 

Transactions are inclusive of VAT at a rate of 16% where applicable. 

Required: 
(i) Deductible input tax. 

(ii) Output taх. 

(iii) Value added tax payable (if any). 

(iv) Assuming that you are a VAT auditor, outline additional information that you might seek from the company to help you ascertain the accuracy of the VAT declared.


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November 2017

1 Questions
Question 3c
​​Sambamba Public Limited Company is in the merchandising business. The Revenue Authority suspects that the company has not been paying the correct amount of tax from business activities over a period of four months. 

The following details were obtained from the company's accounting records for the specified period below: 

1. During the month of January 2016, the company purchased goods for Sh.754,000 and sold goods for Sh.788,800. The suppliers also issued credit notes of Sh.29,000 and received debit notes of Sh.69.600. The company had filed a nil VAT return for the month of January 2016. 

2. In the month of February 2016, the company did not file VAT returns despite making sales of Sh.522,000. The  company had charged a profit margin of 20%.

3. To avoid inspection, the company removed their VAT certificate of registration from the business premises and failed to issue tax invoices for goods valued at Sh.417,600 during the month of March 2016 with respect to goods sold. 

4. In the month of April 2016, the company secured a huge supply contract with the government after successfully obtaining a tax compliance certificate through fraudulent accounting records. Transactions are inclusive of value added tax (VAT) at the rate of 16% where applicable. 

Required: 
(i) The amount of tax payable, if any, by the company plus any interest and penalties arising from the above transactions for the four months to April 2016. 

(ii) Comment on the information you might require from the company to determine the accuracy of the VAT payable, if any.


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May 2017

1 Questions
Question 4b
​​The following transactions relate to Sawela Ltd. for the month of April 2017:

Sh.
Purchase of goods at standard rate
626,400
Exported goods to South Africa
380,000
Sales at standard rate
1,113,600
Audit fees
37,120
Purchase of fuel and oil for delivery van
29,000
Telephone bills
17,400
Exempt sales
400,000
Exported goods to Zambia
220,000
Catering services 41,760
Purchase of stationery
20,880
Cost of assigning a debt for consideration
100,000
Car park services provided by county authority
50,000
Treatment and supply of natural water
40,000
Purchase of first aid boxes and kits
30,000

Additional information: 
1. The company issued debit notes and credit notes of Sh.24,360 and Sh.34,800 respectively in respect to taxable supplies at standard rate. 

2. The company returned goods invoiced at Sh.29,000 to suppliers because they were of a wrong type. A credit note was received immediately. 

3. The company imported goods valued at Sh.320,000 (cost, insurance and freight). These goods were not included in the purchases figure. Import duty was at the rate of 20%. 

4. The company transferred a branch as a going concern to another registered company at a cost of Sh.450,000 at the end of April 2017. 

5. The company could not identify purchases at standard rate that were sold as exempt and therefore restricted deductible input tax. 

6. Transactions are inclusive of VAT at the rate of 16% where applicable. 

Required: 
Determine the VAT payable by (or refundable to) Sawela Ltd. for the month of April 2017.


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May 2016

1 Questions
Question 3b
​ ​ ​​Zawadi Ltd. has been in operation since 1 January 2014. The company is under a tax investigation relating to value added tax (VAT) transactions. 

The following details were obtained from the company's records for the month of September 2015: 

  • Stock in trade brought down in the month of September 2015 was valued at Sh.719,200. 
  • Sales ledger records in the company's books showed an amount of Sh.1,786,400 while as per VAT returns, it was Sh.1,429,120. 
  • The company had not claimed input tax on a building put into use on 1 January 2014 at a cost of Sh.2,784,000. However, in September 2015, the company set-off the input tax against the output tax for the month. 
  • Purchases amounting to Sh.174,000 did not have supporting fiscal receipts. The total purchases amounted to Sh.928,000. 
  • Since 1 January 2014, the company had not been filing VAT returns on time and all the penalties are outstanding.
  • The company had imported goods on cost, insurance and freight (CIF) terms of Sh.450.000. The clearing and transport costs amounted to Sh.80,000 and Sh.60,000 respectively. The goods were later sold at a mark up of 20%. Import duty on these goods was at a rate of 20%. 
  • Tax officers established that imports were understated by Sh.150.000 as per import documents. 
  • Input tax on fuels and oils for motor vehicles used in the business amounted to Sh.51,200. 
  • Returns outward journal was understated by Sh.139,200 while the purchases ledger was overstated by Sh.174,000. 
  • Debit notes received by the company were overstated by Sh.232,000. 
  • Credit notes issued to customers were overstated by Sh.162,400. 
  • Input tax on catering services amounting to Sh.12,800 had been debited in the VAT account. 
  • Further examination revealed that VAT records needed recomputation to establish the correct VAT position. 

Transactions are inctusive of VAT at a rate of 16% where applicable. 

Required
Analyse the above records and compute the correct VAT position for Zawadi Ltd. for the month of September 2015.


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Question 5c
​ ​ ​ ​ ​​China Construction Company (K) Ltd. has been engaged in the building and construction industry for many years. There has been an on-going dispute with the revenue authority as to the amount of value added tax (VAT) that the company is liable to pay. 

You have been provided with the following details relating to the company's transactions:

Purchases
Delivery date
Invoice date
Invoice
Payment date
1
Concrete mixer
10 May 2015
12 June 2015
5,800,000
5 July 2015
2
Scaffolding pipes
20 May 2015
6 June 2015
1,392,000
10 July 2015
3
Poker vibrator
6 May 2015
29 May 2015
696,000
2 August 2015
4
Xerox photocopier
30 April 2015
10 May 2015
928,000
22 May 2015
5
10 trolleys
12 June 2015
13 May 2015
2,552,000
25 May 2015
6
Executive boardroom table
21 May 2015
8 June 2015
464,000
30 June 2015
7
200 tons of cement
27 April 2015
3 May 2015
3,712,000
2 August 2015
8
Water dispenser for the office
14 May 2015
4 June 2015
92,800
23 June 2015
9
Paint from Duracoat (K) Ltd.
10 May 2015
15 May 2015
812,000
28 May 2015
10
Office chairs
1 May 2015
8 May 2015
348,000
26 May 2015

The above amounts are inclusive of VAT at the standard rate of 16% where applicable. 

Additional information: 
  1. The company had negotiated a contract for Sh.45,000,000 for which it received a progress payment of Sh. 18,000,000 on 25 June 2015. These amounts are exclusive of VAT. The invoice had been raised earlier on 3 May 2015 based on the Architect's certificate for the value of work certified. 
  2. The company had also won a labour-only contract for Sh.12,500,000 (exclusive of VAT) for which an installment payment of Sh.4,000,000 was received on 9 May 2015 ahead of the completion on 17 June 2015. The invoice was raised for full payment on completion. By end of August 2015. the balance of the payment had not been received from the client. 

Required:
(i) Advise on the correct VAT position for the company for the period between May 2015 and August 2015. 

(ii) Comment on any information that you have not used in (c) (i) above.


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