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Introduction to cost estimation

Unit: Management accounting

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August 2024

1 Questions
Question 3b
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​The following cost data has been obtained from the records of Komputa Ltd., an IT company based in industrial area. The firm specialises in assembly of computers.

Month
Number of computers assembled
Total cost incurred
Sh."000"

January
1,600
164,000
February
900
112,000
March
1,100
100,000
April
820
96,000
May
1,160
120,000
June
1,200
124,000
July
1,300
128,000
August
1,360
130,000
September
1,400
140,000
Ovtober
1,500
148,000
November
1,700
180,000

Required: 
(i) Using the high-low method, formulate an equation that can be used to estimate the future total cost in the form of y = a + bx. 

(ii) Using the least square method, formulate the cost function in the form of y = a + bx. 

(iii) Using the equations obtained in (b)(i) and (b) (ii) above, estimate the total cost to be incurred in December if 1,800 computers are expected to be assembled.


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April 2024

2 Questions
Question 1b
​ ​ ​​​​OJ Ltd. manufactures and sells mobile phones. The company’s budgeted statement of profit or loss for the month of May 2024 is as follows:

Sh.
Sh.
Sales (1,200 units at Sh.18,000 per unit)
21,600,000
Less: Cost of sales:
Less:.Production (1,800 units at Sh.10,000 per unit)
18,000,000
Less: Closing inventory (600 units at Sh.10,000 per unit)
(6,000,000)
(12,000,000)
Gross profit
9,600,000
Less: Variable selling expenses (10% of sales)
(2,160,000)
Less:.Fixed selling and distribution costs
(1,705,000)
Net profit
 5,735,000

Additional information: 
  • The budget was prepared using absorption costing principle. 
  • If the budgeted production in May 2024 had been 2,000 units, then the total production cost would have been Sh.18,800,000.

Required: 

Using high-low method, calculate: 

(i) The variable production cost per unit. 

(ii) The total monthly fixed production cost.



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Question 2a
​​Describe THREE roles of management accounting in an organisation.


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August 2023

1 Questions
Question 1c
​ ​​The Management Accountant of Unga Safi Millers has presented the following data on machine hour and electricity consumption for the last 6 months:

Month
Machine Hours (“000”)
Electricity expense (Sh.“000”)
June
  78
1,800
July
  78
1,500
August
  93
1,590
September
105
1,650
October
129
1,740
November
144
2,040

Required: 
(i) Using High-Low method of cost estimation, develop a predictor equation in the form of Y = a + bx. 

(ii) Determine the total electricity expense at 120,000 machine hours. 

(iii) Explain TWO limitations of adopting High-low method in cost estimation. 


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April 2023

1 Questions
Question 3b
​​Highlight FOUR purposes of cost estimation to a service company such as a hospital.


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December 2022

1 Questions
Question 5c
​ ​ ​ ​ ​​Ocean Ltd. is preparing its budget for the year ending 30 June 2023. 

It is decided to estimate an equation of the form, Y = a + bx, 

Where; 
  • Y is the total maintenance expense at an activity level x. 
  • a is the fixed maintenance expense. 
The following information relate to the year ending 30 June 2023:

Month
Machine
hours
Maintenance
Cost (Sh.“000”)
Month
Machine
hours
Maintenance
Cost (Sh.“000”) 
September 2022
400
960
February 2023
240
640
October 2022
240
880
March 2023
160
560
November 2022
80
280
April 2023
480
1,350
December 2022
400
1,200
May 2023
320
660
January 2023
320
800
June 2023
160
440

Required: 
(i) Estimate the total cost function using the ordinary least squares method. 

(ii) Determine the total cost if 1,050 machine hours were applied. 


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August 2022

1 Questions
Question 4a
​(i) Explain the term “industrial engineering technique” as used in cost estimation. 

(ii) Highlight three advantages of the industrial engineering technique.


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April 2022

1 Questions
Question 1c
​ ​ ​​Jambo Ltd. manufactures bracelets for export trade. The sales revenue is dependent on level of advertising expenditure per month. The company has recorded the following sales information for the past six months:

Month
Advertising expenditure
Sh."000"
Sales revenue
Sh. "000"

1
2
3
4
5
6
1.5  
2     
1.75
3     
2.5  
2.75
30
27
25
40
32
38

The following has also been calculated:
Σ(Advertising expenditure) 
= Sh.13,500
Σ(Sales revenue)
= Sh.192,000
Σ(Advertising expenditure × Sales revenue)
= Sh.447,250,000
Σ(Sales revenue²)
= Sh.6,322,000,000
Σ(Advertising expenditure²)
= Sh.32,125,000

Required: 
Estimate fixed and variable elements of the sales revenue using the least squares regression analysis.


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Question 4b
​ ​ ​ ​​Kalu Ltd. produces masks for sale. The following information was provided for the last 8 months in masks production:

Month
No. of masks (000)
Total cost (Sh.”000”)
1
5
50
2
6
53
3
6.5
55
4
6.7
59
5
7
62
6
7.5
64
7
8
66
8
9
72

Required: 
Formulate the cost estimation for the cost of producing 10,000 masks using: 

(i) High low method. 

(ii) Simple linear regression method. 


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Question 4a
​ ​​Explain the advantages of linear regression analysis in cost estimation


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September 2021

1 Questions
Question 1b
​​Meyton Ltd. reported the following production costs for the 12-month period from 1 January 2020 to December 2020:

Period

Total production cost
(Sh."000")
Level of activity
(Units produced) 

January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
460
300
480
550
570
310
410
455
530
250
700
490
30
22
33
39
41
24
29
32
38
15
45
35

Required: 
(i) Using linear regression, establish the production function in the form of Y = a + bx. 

(ii) From the equation in (b) (i) above, estimate the production cost that would be incurred on 50 units. 

(iii) State any two advantages of regression method of cost estimation.


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May 2021

1 Questions
Question 1b
​ ​​Kedren Ltd. manufactures a single product. During the period from January 2021 to March 2021, the following data was recorded:

Month
Output
(Units)
Cost
(Sh.)

January
Febraury
March
8,240
8,750
8,100
167,590
173,260
165,772

Required:
(i) Using the high-low method, derive a predictor equation in the form of Y = a + bx for the company. 

(ii) Determine the total cost that would be incurred to produce 8,500 units of the product.


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November 2020

1 Questions
Question 1b
​​Ujenzi Company specialises in the manufacture of building blocks used in the construction industry. The cost sccountant of the company has prepared a schedule of estimated overhead cost on the assumption that production will be 170,000 blocks.

Overhead costs have been classified as fixed and variable costs by the company's cost accountant as indicated below:

Overheads
        Amount
       Sh. "000"
Indirect materials
5,700 (all variable)
Indirect labour
4,100 (all variable)
Rent and rates
2,800 (all fixed)
Machinery depreciation
1,700 (all fixed)
Maintenance
5,200 (3,100 variable)
Technical support
1,620 (all fixed)
Storage cost
4,300 (4,100 variable)
Heat and light
3,100 1,000 fixed)
Water bill
1,700 (650 fixed)
Transport
2,900 (900 fixed)
Supplies
4,000 (all variable)

Required:
Using accounts analysis method, determine a cost estimation equation in the form of Y=a+bX taking the number of blocks to be the only cost driver


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May 2019

1 Questions
Question 1b
​​(i) Highlight four advantages of regression method of cost estimation. 

(ii) The following data relates to the total costs incurred by Makini Garage Ltd. in a period of eight weeks:

Week
Number of cars repaired
Total costs incurred
Sh. "000" 

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
  90
100
120
150
160
220
300
340
5,200
6,000
6,200
3,530
3,850
4,300
5,870
7,150

Required:
Using regression analysis method, formulate an equation in the form of Y = a + bx that could be used to estimate the total costs incurred. 


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November 2018

1 Questions
Question 5c
​​(i) Explain the term "industrial engineering method" in relation to cost estimation. 

(ii) Highlight three circumstances under which the use of industrial engineering method of cost estimation is appropriate.


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May 2018

1 Questions
Question 2b
The administrator of Chehatok Hills Hospital would like to establish a cost formula linking the administrative costs involved in admitting patients to the number of patients admitted during the month. The admissions department's costs and the number of patients admitted during the last eight months for the year 2017 are given below

Month

May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Number of patients
admitted

1,800
1,900
1,700
1,600
1,500
1,300
1,100
1,500
Admission department's
Cost "Sh."

14,700
15,200
13,700
14,000
14,300
13,100
12,800
14,600

Required:
(i)Using the high-low method, estimate the fixed and variable components of admission costs.
(ii)Using the least squares method, estimate the relationship between number of patients admitted and the admission costs in the form of Y = a + bx
(iii)Using the relationship obtained in (b) (ii) above, estimate the admission costs incurred in January 2018 if admission was 2,000 patients


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November 2017

1 Questions
Question 3b
​​ Summarise three limitations of accounts analysis as a method of cost estimation.


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May 2017

1 Questions
Question 1c
​ ​ ​​Baraka Ltd. manufactures a single product which is meant for the local market only. The monthly demand for the product varies from one month to the other. 

During the month of April 2017, 500 units were produced incurring the following expenses:

Sh.
Direct materials
70,000
Direct labour
60,000
Rent (Fixed)
35,000
Electricity (30% Fixed)
25,000
Property taxes and rates (70% variable)
60,000
Technical support (Fixed)
35,000
285,000

Required: 

(i) Using the account analysis method, formulate a predictor equation in the form of Y = a + bx. 

(ii) Baraka Ltd. intends to produce 700 units during the month of June 2017. Estimate the costs to be incurred.


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November 2016

1 Questions
Question 1c
​ ​ ​​The production manager of Tamuh Sugar Company is concerned about the apparent fluctuations in efficiency and work done by employees which are related to the volume. A twelve week research was undertaken and the following were the outcomes:

Week

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Machine.hours

68
88
62
72
60
96
78
46
82
94
68
48


Indirect.labour.cost
Sh.
1,190
1,211
1,004
   917
   770
1,456
1,180
   710
1,316
1,032
   752
   963

Required: 

Using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method: 

(i) Formulate the cost function for the above relationship. 

(ii) Compute the indirect labour cost associated with 120 machine hours.


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May 2016

1 Questions
Question 2b
​ ​​Talde Ltd.. a manufacturing company, is concerned about the variation in its total manufacturing costs. The production manager has therefore requested you to estimate a predictable cost pattern to be used in future cost prediction. 

Based on judgement, the plant manager has classified each manufacturing cost as fixed, variable, or part fixed and part variable. He has provided you with the following information for the month of April 2016 when 10,000 units were produced:

Details of cost
Direct materials
Direct labour
Depreciation
Telephone
Other utilities
Supervisors salary
Equipment repairs
Indirect materials
Factory.maintenance 
Cost(Sh.)
420.000
150.000
80,000
2.000
40,000
200.000
60,000
4,000
60,000
Cost.behaviour
Variable
Variable
Fixed
Fixed
20% fixed
80% fixed
10% fixed
Variable
90% fixed

Required:

(i) Using the accounts analysis method, estimate the fixed cost per month and the variable cost per unit. 

(ii) Based on your answer in part (b)(i) above, compute the incremental cost of producing 2,000 units. 


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