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Analyzing Financial Statements

Unit: Financial accounting

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December 2025

1 Questions
Question 2a
​​Highlight FOUR objectives of ratio analysis.


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April 2025

1 Questions
Question 4a
​​Explain how the following ratios assist the investors in decision making: 

(i) Return on capital employed (ROCE).

(ii) Dividend per share (DPS).


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December 2024

2 Questions
Question 5a
​​Enumerate SIX reasons for preparing a cash flow statement in a business.


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Question 1d
​​Explain TWO categories of financial ratios.


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August 2024

1 Questions
Question 4b
​ ​ ​ ​​The following are the financial statements of Precious Ltd. for the years ended 31 March 2023 and 31 March 2024:

Precious Ltd.
Statement of profit or loss for the year ended 31 March 2024:
Sh.“000”
Sh.“000”
Gross profit 
26,700
Operating expenses 
(22,050)
4,650
Other incomes: 
Interest income received
900
Gain on sale of investments 
1,800
Less:  Loss on sale of plant
(450)
2,250
6,900
Interest expenses paid
3,450
Net profit before tax
3,450
Income tax 
(1,050)
Net profit after tax 
2,400


Precious Ltd.
Statement of financial position as at 31 March:
2023
2024
Non-current assets: 
 Sh.“000”
 Sh.“000”
Property, plant and equipment (cost)
75,750
107,250
Accumulated depreciation 
(10,200)
(15,450)
65,550
91,800
Investments
19,050
17,250
Current assets: 
Inventory
16,500
21,600
Accounts receivable
8,250
7,050
Cash
2,250
6,900
Prepayments 
750
150
Total current assets 
27,720
35,700
Total assets 
112,350
144,750
Liabilities and capital:
Ordinary share capital
47,250
69,750
Revenue reserves 
19,800
21,000
67,050
90,750
Long term liabilities: 
Bonds
36,750
44,250
Current liabilities: 
Accounts payable 
6,450
7,500
Accrued liabilities 
1,350
1,800
Tax payable 
750
450
Current liabilities 
8,550
9,750
Total liabilities and equity 
112,350
144,750
  
Additional information: 
  1. Precious Ltd. purchased investments worth Sh.11,700,000 during the year ended 31 March 2024. 
  2. The company sold investments that had cost Sh.13,500,000 for Sh.15,300,000 during the year. 
  3. During the year, new machinery worth Sh.18,000,000 was acquired. Some items of property, plant and equipment that had cost Sh.1,500,000 with accumulated depreciation of Sh.300,000 were disposed of for Sh.750,000. 
  4. Included in the operating expenses for the year ended 31 March 2024 is the depreciation charged for the year amounting to Sh.5,550,000. 
  5. The company issued bonds worth Sh.15,000,000 at face value in exchange for plant assets on 31 March 2024 and repaid Sh.7,500,000 of bonds at face value. 
  6. The company issued 2,250,000 ordinary shares at Sh.10 par value during the year. 
  7. The company paid cash dividends of Sh.1,200,000 during the year ended 31 March 2024. 

Required: 
Statement of cash flows for the year ended 31 March 2024 in accordance with International Accounting Standard (IAS) 7 “Statement of Cash Flows”.


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April 2024

1 Questions
Question 4
​ ​​The following are the financial statements of HMK Limited as at 31 December:

Equity and Liabilities: 
2023
2022
Equity
Sh.“000”
Sh.“000”
Ordinary share capital  
900,000
600,000
Share premium 
210,000
90,000
Revenue reserves 
246,000
84,000
Total equity and reserves
1,356,000
774,000
Non-current liabilities: 
Debentures
180,000
300,000
Bank loan 
-
120,000
Total long term liabilities 
180,000
420,000
Current liabilities:
Trade payables
288,000
204,000
Proposed dividends  
90,000
45,000
Corporate tax 
198,000
129,000
Bank overdraft 
-
84,000
576,000
462,000
Total equity and liabilities 
2,112,000
1,656,000
Non-current assets: 
Freehold land (Net book value) 
780,000
660,000
Plant and machinery (Net book value) 
582,000
450,000
Furniture and fittings (Net book value)  
84,000
66,000
1,446,000
1,176,000
Current assets: 
Inventory
306,000
222,000
Trade receivables   
264,000
256,800
Short term investments  
27,600
-
Cash in hand 
68,400
1,200
666,000
480,000
Total assets 
2,112,000
1,656,000

Additional information:
1.
A machinery with a net book value of Sh.12,000,000 (original cost Sh.48,000,000) was sold for Sh.18,000,000. Furniture with a net book value of Sh.18,000,000 (original cost Sh.30,000,000) was sold for Sh.13,000,000. Profits and losses on these transactions had been reported in the statement of profit or loss.
2.
Corporate tax for the year ended 31 December 2023 was Sh.80,000,000.
3.
The proposed dividends for the year ended 31 December 2022, were paid during the year ended 31 December 2023.
4.
There was no disposal or revaluation of freehold property in the year ended 31 December 2023.
5.
Interest expense charged to the statement of profit or loss for the year ended 31 December 2023 was Sh.38,400,000. Accrued interest of Sh.26,400,000 is included in the trade payables as at 31 December 2023.
6.
Depreciation charged to the statement of profit or loss for the year ended 31 December 2023 was as follows:
6.
Sh.
Furniture and fixtures 
34,000,000
Plant and machinery 
58,000,000
 
Required: 
Statement of cash flows for the year ended 31 December 2023 in accordance with International Accounting Standard (IAS) 7 “Statement of Cash Flows”. 


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December 2023

1 Questions
Question 5b
​​ The following are the financial statements of Utajiri Ltd. for the two years ended 30 September 2022 and 30 September 2023: 

 Statement of profit or loss for the year ended 30 September: ​​
2022
2023
Sh.“million”
Sh.“million”
Net Sales (80% credit sales) 
4,400
5,100
Cost of sales 
(2,200)
(2,850)
Gross profit 
2,200
2,250
Operating expenses 
(640)
(910)
Net profit before interest and taxes 
1,560
1,340
Interest expense 
(45)
(60)
Profit before tax 
1,515
1,280
Corporate tax 
(400)
(240)
Net profit after tax 
1,115
1,040
Less: Dividends - Interim 
(50)
(65)
                           - Final 
(150)
(105)
Retained profit 
915
870

Statement of financial position as at 30 September:

2022
2023
Sh.“million”
Sh.“million”
Assets:  
Non-current assets: 
Propert, plant and equipment (NBV)
1,400
1,800
Current assets: 
Inventory
800
1,200
Trade receivables 
490
600
Cash in hand 
420
395
1,710
2,195
3,110
3,995
Capital and liabilities: 
Capital: 
Ordinary share capital (Sh.10 par) 
1,000
1,000
Revenue reserves 
915
1,785

1,915
2,785
Non-current liabilities: 
10% debentures
450
600
Current liabilities: 
Tax payable 
400
240
Trade payables 
145
200
Proposed dividends 
200
170
745
610
Total capital and liabilities 
3,110
3,995

Required: 
Compute the following ratios for the years ended 30 September 2022 and 30 September 2023. Assume a 365-day year. 

(i) Current ratio. 

(ii) Quick ratio. 

(iii) Average trade receivables collection period. 

(iv) Gross profit margin.

(v) Interest cover.

(vi) Return on capital employed (ROCE).

(vii) Earnings per share (EPS). 


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August 2023

1 Questions
Question 4
​ ​ ​​The following information was extracted from the financial statements of Biashara Ltd. for the year ended 30 June 2023:  

Statement of profit or loss for the year ended 30 June 2023:
Sh.“000”
Revenue
134,400
Cost of sales 
(105,000)
Gross profit 
29,400
Investment income 
1,500
Operating expenses 
(14,000)
Finance cost 
(2,500)
Profit before tax 
14,400
Corporation tax 
(5,400)
Profit after tax 
9,000


Statement of financial position as at 30 June:
2023
2022
Sh.“000”
Sh.“000”
Assets: 
Non-current assets: 
Freehold land 
100,800
72,000
Plant and machinery  
51,960
55,500
Investments at cost 
21,600
22,500
174,360
150,000
Current assets: 
Inventory
40,300
32,200
Accounts receivable 
36,840
46,800
Short-term investments 
10,260
5,040
Cash in hand 
1,200
2,580
88,600
86,620
Total assets 
262,960
236,620
Equity and liabilities: 
Equity:
Ordinary share capital 
108,000
90,000
Share premium 
9,000
4,500
Revaluation reserve 
27,000
-
Retained earnings 
36,900
31,500
180,900
126,000
Non-current liabilities: 
10% loan 
25,000
34,000
Current liabilities: 
Accounts payable 
35,100
31,500
Bank overdraft 
14,340
39,240
Proposed dividends 
2,700
2,280
Taxation
4,920
3,600
57,060
76,620
Total equity and liabilities 
262,960
236,620
 
Additional information:
1.
The revaluation reserve relates to freehold land.
2.
Depreciation on plant and machinery amounting to Sh.6,900,000 was charged to the statement of profit or loss for the year.
3.
Part of the long-term investments were sold during the year at a profit of Sh.960,000.
4.
During the year, plant with a net book value of Sh.4,500,000 was sold for Sh.8,820,000. The plant had an original cost of Sh.18,000,000.
5.
The following is an extract from the statement of changes in equity for the year ended 30 June 2023 (Retained earnings column only):
5.
Sh.“000”
Balance as at 1 July 2022 
31,500
Profit after tax for the year 
9,000
Interim ordinary dividend paid during the year 
(900)
Final ordinary dividend proposed 
(2,700)
Balance as at 30 June 2023 
36,900
  
Required: 
(a) Statement of cash flows for the year ended 30 June 2023 in accordance with International Accounting Standards (IAS) 7 “Statement of Cash Flows”. 

(b) Comment on how Biashara Ltd. has generated and used its cash and cash equivalents for the year ended 30 June 2023.


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April 2023

2 Questions
Question 5a
​​Analyse FOUR advantages of ratio analysis as a tool for assessing financial performance.


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Question 5b
​​Explain the importance of the following ratios to investors:  

(i) Price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio.  

(ii) Debt-to-equity ratio.  


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December 2022

2 Questions
Question 2b
​ ​ ​​The following information was extracted from the books of Viki Ltd. as at 30 September 2021 and 30 September 2022: 

 Statement of financial position as at 30 September:

2022
2021
Sh. “000”
Sh. “000”
Assets:
Non-current assets: 
Land and buildings 
540,000
240,000
Motor vehicles 
120,000
144,000
Furniture and fittings 
96,000
168,000
756,000
552,000
Current assets:
Inventory
96,000
84,000
Accounts receivable 
144,000
108,000
Cash and bank 
24,000
36,000
264,000
228,000
Total assets
1,020,000
780,000
Equity and liabilities: 
Equity:
Ordinary share capital 
480,000
360,000
Share premium
180,000
60,000
Retained earnings 
156,000
96,000
816,000
516,000
Non-current liabilities: 
Long-term loan 
120,000
180,000
Current liabilities: 
Accounts payable 
62,400
48,000
Accruals
12,000
24,000
Proposed dividends 
9,600
12,000
84,000
84,000
Total equity and liabilities
1,020,000
780,000

Additional information: 
 1. Profit after tax for the year ended 30 September 2022 was Sh.84,000,000.
 2. Interest expense for the year ended 30 September 2022 charged to the statement of profit or loss was Sh.12,000,000.
 3. All the taxes and interest for the year ended 30 September 2022 were paid. Total tax for the year ended 30 September 2022 amounted to Sh.48,000,000.
 4. Proposed dividends for the year ended 30 September 2022 amounted to Sh.24,000,000.
 5. Land and buildings were acquired during the year ended 30 September 2022 at a cost of Sh.360,000,000.
 6. During the year ended 30 September 2022, some motor vehicles which had a net book value of Sh.60,000,000 were disposed of for Sh.72,000,000.
 7. Motor vehicles are depreciated at 10% on reducing balance.

Required: 
Statement of cash flows in accordance with the requirements of “International Accounting Standard (IAS) 7, “Statement of Cash Flows”, for the year ended 30 September 2022. 


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Question 5d
​ ​​Analyse FOUR objectives of financial statements.


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August 2022

2 Questions
Question 1a
​ ​ ​​The finance manager of Wali Traders has provided you with the following information:

Sh. “000”
Cost of sales 
22,000
Gross profit 
9,500
Interest expense 
3,000
Tax expense 
1,116
Net profit after tax 
4,464

Required: 
 (i) Interest coverage ratio. 

 (ii) Gross profit margin ratio. 


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Question 2b
​ ​ ​​The following are the statements of financial position of Sabuni Ltd., a soap manufacturing company for year ended 30 June 2022 and 30 June 2021:

Sabuni Ltd.
Statements of financial position as at 30 June: 
2022
2021
Sh. “000”
Sh. “000”
Non-current assets:
Property, plant and equipment 
48,080
37,460
Current assets: 
Inventories
13,420
11,980
Accounts receivable 
6,020
5,120
Cash and cash equivalents
450
1,008
Total current assets
19,890
18,108
Total Assets 
67,970
55,568
Equity and liabilities: 
Share capital
4,160
3,800
Share premium 
540
450
Retained earnings 
34,182
21,618
Revaluation reserve 
1,080
720
Total equity 
39,962
26,588
Non-current liabilities: 
Long-term loan
13,500
14,400
Total non-current liabilities.
13,500
14,400
Current liabilities: 
Accounts payable
12,448
12,700
Accrued expenses
800
800
Bank overdraft
360
540
Current tax 
900
540
Total current liabilities 
14,508
14,580
Total equity and liabilities 
67,970
55,568

Additional information: 
  1. The cost of property, plant and equipment was Sh.45,740,000 on 1 July 2021. 
  2. The company disposed of a plant with a carrying value of Sh.3,120,000 on 1 April 2022. The original cost of this plant was Sh.4,800,000 and the company made a loss of Sh.120,000. 
  3. It is the policy of the company to depreciate all assets at the rate of 10% per annum on cost from date of purchase to date of sale. 
  4. The finance cost incurred and paid in the year ended 30 June 2022 was Sh.288,000, while a dividend of Sh.516,000 was paid for the same period.
  5. Sabuni Ltd. made a profit before tax of Sh.13,458,000 during the year ended 30 June 2022. 
  6. The income tax expense for the year ended 30 June 2022 was Sh.378,000. 

 Required: 
 Statement of cash flows in accordance with the requirement of “International Accounting Standard (IAS)7”, statement of cash flows, for the year ended 30 June 2022. 


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April 2022

2 Questions
Question 4b
​​ Comment on the profitability for each company


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Question 4a
Required:
(a) Compute the following ratios for each company:

(i) Gross profit margin.
(ii) Net profit margin.
(iii) Return on capital employed.
(iv) Return on assets.
(v) Current ratio.
(vi) Assets turnover.
(Vii) Inventory turnover.
(Vii) Trade receivable days.
(ix) Trade payable days.


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August 2021

1 Questions
Question 5b
​​ For the year ended 31 December 2019 and 31 December 2020, compute the following ratios:
(i) Gross profit mark-up.
(ii) Gross profit margin.
(iii) Net profit margin.
(iv) Return on capital employed (ROCE)
(v) Current ratio.
(vi) Acid test ratio
(vii) Accounts receivable collection period.


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May 2021

1 Questions
Question 1a
Required:
(i) Current assets.

(ii) Current liabilities.

(iii) Liquid assets.

(iv) Inventory.


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November 2020

1 Questions
Question 2a
Distinguish between the "direct" and "indirect" methods of preparing a statement of cash flows.


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November 2019

1 Questions
Question 1a
Outline four limitations of ratio analysis.


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November 2018

1 Questions
Question 1c
Differentiate between the "direct" and "indirect" methods of presentation of the statement of cash flows. 


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May 2018

1 Questions
Question 4a
​ ​ ​​ Explain three reasons why an entity's statement of cash flows might be more usefull and reliable than its statement or comprehensive income. 


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May 2017

1 Questions
Question 5b
Disadvantages of cash flows statements


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May 2016

2 Questions
Question 4a
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​
Explain three reasons why the amount of cash generated by a business entity might differ from the profit reported by the same business entity during the same financial period-


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Question 4b
​​ (i) Gross profit margin.

(ii) Return on capital employed (ROCE).

(iii) Current ratio.

(iv) Acid test ratio.

(v) Inventory turnover.

(vi) Trade receivables collection period.


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Question 2a
​ ​ ​​ Explain two liquidity ratios.


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