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December 2025

Unit: Financial accounting

8 Questions

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Questions

1a
Regulation and other principles guiding the accounting profession
​​In the context of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting, explain: 

 (i) THREE elements of financial statements. 

(ii) THREE enhancing qualitative characteristics of useful financial information.
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1b
​ ​ ​ ​The trial balance of Eskimo Enterprises as at 31 October 2025 failed to agree and the difference was entered in a suspense account. The following errors were subsequently discovered: 

  1. A purchases day book total of Sh.1,600,000 had been posted to the ledger as Sh.3,200,000. 
  2. The sales account had been understated by Sh.2,400,000. 
  3. Discounts received amounting to Sh.140,000 had been debited to the discounts allowed account. 
  4. Accrued salaries and wages amounting to Sh.120,000 had been completely omitted from the books. 
  5. Loose tools bought for Sh.80,000 had been debited to the purchases account. 
  6. Purchases of inventories at Sh.1,400,000 had not been posted to the ledger but had been correctly recorded in the cash book. 
  7. Bad debts amounting to Sh.190,000 written off from the trade receivables account had not been posted to the bad debts written off account. 
  8. The proprietor of Eskimo Enterprises had withdrawn goods worth Sh.60,000 for personal use. No entries had made in the books. 
Required: 
(i) Journal entries to correct the above errors, including appropriate narrations. 

(ii) Suspense account (duly balanced) showing the initial difference in the books.
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2a
Analyzing Financial Statements
​​Highlight FOUR objectives of ratio analysis.
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2b
Correction of errors and preparing financial statements with incomplete records
​​ ​​Allan Abedi, a sole trader, does not maintain a complete set of accounting records. A summary of all his business transactions, concerning receipts and payments for the year ended 30 September 2025 is given below:

 Allan Abedi 
Receipts and payments for the year ended 30 September 2025: 
Sh.“000”
Sh.“000”
Balance brought forward 
9,600
Wages and salaries 
177,600
Receipt from trade receivables 
836,400
Trade payables 
584,400


Insurance
18,000


Lighting and heating
7,200


Printing and stationery 
2,400


Mobile phone expenses
1,200


General expenses
2,400


Office equipment 
12,000


Drawings
18,000


Balance carried forward 
22,800

846,000 

846,000

Additional information:
1.
 The following balances were available for the year ended 30 September:
2025 
Sh.“000”
2024
Sh.“000”
Motor vehicles (Book value) 
25,200
33,600
Office equipment (Book value) 
71,400
72,000
Trade receivables 
74,400
67,200
Trade payables
36,000
32,400
Inventories
73,200
75,600
Lighting and heating owing 
  3,000
  2,400
Prepaid insurance 
  2,400
  1,200
2.
Allowance for credit loss is provided at the rate of 5% on outstanding trade receivables. 

Required: 
(i) Statement of profit or loss for the year ended 30 September 2025. 

(ii) Statement of financial position as at 30 September 2025. 
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3
Financial Statements of a company
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ The following financial statements were extracted from the books of Mercy Ltd. for the year ended 30 September 2025. 

Mercy Ltd. 
Appropriation account for the year ended 30 September 2025: 
Sh.“000”
Sh.“000”
Profit before tax 
21,600
Corporation tax 
(8,100)
Profit after tax
13,500
Dividends:
Interim
1,350
Proposed
4,050
5,400

 
Mercy Ltd. 
Statement of financial position as at 30 September 2025: 
2025
2024
Non-current assets: 
Sh.“000”
Sh.“000”
Freehold land and buildings 
151,200
108,000
Plant and machinery
52,740
57,150
Investments
32,400
33,750
Goodwill
25,200
26,100
261,540
225,000
Current assets: 
Inventories
90,450
78,300
Trade receivables 
55,260
70,200
Short term investments 
15,390
7,560
Cash and bank balance 
1,800
3,870
162,900
159,930
424,440
384,930
Equity and liabilities: 
Ordinary share capital
162,000
135,000
Share premium 
13,500
6,750
Revaluation reserve 
40,500
-
Revenue reserve   
55,350
47,250
Total equity 
271,350
189,000
Non-current liabilities: 
15% debentures 
67,500
81,000
Current liabilities: 
Trade payables
52,650
47,250
Bank overdraft
21,510
58,860
Proposed dividends 
4,050
3,420
Taxation
7,380
5,400
85,590
114,930
424,440
384,930

Additional information: 
  1. The revaluation reserve relates to freehold land and building. 
  2. Depreciation on plant and machinery amounting to Sh.10,350,000 was charged to the statement of profit or loss account during the year ended 30 September 2025. 
  3. During the year ended 30 September 2025, plant with a net book value of Sh.6,750,000 was sold for Sh.13,230,000. The plant originally cost Sh.27,000,000. 
  4. During the year ended 30 September 2025, part of the investment was sold at a profit of Sh.1,440,000. 
  5. During the year ended 30 September 2025, impairment of goodwill was Sh.3,780,000. 
  6. The quoted short term investments are 3-month treasury bills. 

Required: 
Statement of cash flow in accordance with International Accounting Standard (IAS) 7 “Statement of Cash Flows”. 


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4a
Accounting in the Public Sector
​​Explain FOUR functions of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB).
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4b
Statements of a not-for-profit entity
​ ​ ​​Peponi Golf Club prepares its annual financial statements as at 31 October every year. The golf club’s receipts and payments account for the year ended 31 October 2025 was as follows:

Receipts and payments account 
Sh.“000”
Sh.“000”
Balance brought forward
2,900
Competition prizes 
2,800
Subscriptions received 
70,800
Salaries and wages 
14,000
Competition receipts
12,000
Dinner dance expenses 
6,800
Dinner dance ticket sales 
13,000
Insurance
9,200
Donations
1,000
Purchase of equipment 
40,000
Sale of equipment 
25,000
General expenses 
30,100


Electricity
1,400


Balance carried forward
20,400

124,700

124,700

Additional information:
1.
The following further details of the club’s assets and liabilities have been availed:
1 November 2024
31 October 2025 
Sh.“000” 
Sh.“000” 
Clubhouse
130,000
130,000
Equipment
140,000
120,000
Electricity expenses owing 
       400
       200
Subscriptions due 
    2,500
    2,900
Subscriptions paid in advance 
    6,200
    4,100
Stock of competition prizes
       600
       200
2.
During the year ended 31 October 2025, equipment with a book value of Sh.30 million was sold for Sh.25 million.
3.
Of the subscriptions due on 1 November 2024, Sh.220,000 remained unpaid at the year end. The management resolved to treat this amount as an irrecoverable debt.

Required:
(i)
The income and expenditure account for the year ended 31 October 2025.
(ii)
Statement of financial position as at 31 October 2025. 

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5
Financial Statements of a company
​ ​ ​​ The following balances were extracted from the books of Baridi Ltd. as at 31 August 2025:

Sh.“000”
Sh.“000”
Sales

600,000
Ordinary share capital 

300,000
10% preference shares 

80,000
7% debentures 

200,000
General reserve 

105,000
Land and building at cost (Land cost Sh.120 million) 
222,000

Plant and machinery
764,000

Revenue reserve (1 September 2024) 

112,000
Share premium 

40,000
Inventory (1 September 2024)
70,000

Discounts allowed and discounts received 
6,400
9,200
Trade receivables and trade payables 
104,000
54,000
Accumulated depreciation on plant and machinery 

120,000
Accumulated depreciation on building 

32,000
Bank
13,000

Cash
1,000

Carriage inwards 
2,200

Purchases
330,000

Rental income 

2,800
Salaries and wages 
64,200

Lighting and heating 
5,800

Debenture interest
7,000

Directors’ fees 
25,600

Interim dividends:


Ordinary shares 
15,000

Preference shareholders
4,000

Allowance for credit loss

3,000
General expenses 
23,800

1,658,000
1,658,000

​​ Additional information:
1.
Physical stock count indicated that inventory as at 31 August 2025 was valued at Sh.54,226,000. It is estimated that these goods can be sold for Sh.57,450,000 after incurring Sh.4,500,000 to market them.
2.
During the year ended 31 August 2025, the following petty cash expenses had not been accounted for in the books:
2.
Sh.
Electricity expenses
200,000
General expenses 
150,000
Casual wages 
650,000
3.
An entry for disposal of a machinery had been omitted from the records. This machine cost Sh.12,000,000 and had accumulated depreciation amounting to Sh.10,500,000 at the time of disposal. The proceeds from this sale was Sh.2,400,000.
4.
During the year ended 31 August 2025, land was revalued upwards by Sh.15,000,000. This had not been accounted for. 
5.
As at 31 August 2025, salaries and wages accrued amounted to Sh.780,000 and accrued directors’ fees amounted to Sh.1,500,000. 
6.
Depreciation is to be provided for on reducing balance at the following rates:
5.
Rate per annum 
Building
5%
Plant and machinery 
10%
7.
The allowance for credit loss is to be charged at the rate of 2.5% on the balance of trade receivables as at 31 August 2025.
8.
Directors proposed to pay final dividends to preference shareholders.
9.
Allowance for corporate tax is Sh.12,670,000.

Required:
(a)
Statement of profit or loss for the year ended 31 August 2025.
(b)
 Statement of financial position as at 31 August 2025.

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