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Legal, ethical and social issues in information systems

Unit: Information Communication Technology

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Practice CPA Information Communication Technology Legal, ethical and social issues in information systems questions with detailed answers and explanations.

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April 2026

 2 Questions
Question 5
​ ​​Unity Bank is developing an Artificial Intelligence (AI) powered loan assessment platform. 

 Required:
 (a) Stakeholder resistance has emerged during requirements gathering. 

 (i) Highlight TWO causes of user resistance. 

 (ii) Recommend TWO strategies for effective change management.

(b) The AI system relies on large datasets. 

 Evaluate FOUR data governance challenges associated with big data and machine learning systems. 

 (c) Artificial Intelligence is transforming accounting and governance.

 Examine FOUR ethical, professional and workforce implications of AI adoption in the accounting or governance profession. 

 (d) Evaluate FOUR ways Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) manages risks in AI-based system development. 


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Question 4
​​MetroMart Retail Group is expanding into online retail and digital marketplaces. 

Required: 
(a) (i) List THREE e-commerce models. 
 
 (ii)  Evaluate the suitability of the models in (a) (i) above for a multi-channel retail enterprise.  

(b) The company must implement secure digital payment systems. 
 
(i) List THREE payment security mechanisms.  
 
(ii) Assess the effectiveness of the mechanisms provided in (b) (i) above in reducing fraud risk.  
 
(c) MetroMart plans to deploy mobile applications with integrated customer analytics. 
 
 Evaluate FOUR ways mobile commerce can influence consumer behaviour and revenue growth.  

(d) Online operations expose the company to cross-border regulatory issues. 
 
 Assess FOUR legal and ethical implications of operating digital platforms internationally.  


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April 2025

 2 Questions
Question 1c
​​Ping Ltd., a social media company in Kenya collects user data to improve targeted advertisements. However, it sells the data to third parties without informing the users. 

With reference to the above scenario, examine FIVE ethical principles violated by Ping Ltd. in its handling of user data.


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Question 4c
​​Maliki Mission Hospital, located in Western Kenya, offers both curative and preventive health services mainly targeting elderly people. During the integration of Maliki Health System with the recently introduced Social Health Authority (SHA) system, the hospital’s information system was hacked, leading to exposure of patients’ medical records. 

Required: 
Examine FOUR legal obligations that the hospital has towards its clients.


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December 2024

 1 Questions
Question 2
​​(a) Explain TWO process management activities of an operating system.    
 
(b) Explore FOUR roles of edge computing in Internet of Things (IoT). 
 
(c) Highlight FOUR measures that could be used to minimise unethical Information Communication Technology (ICT) practices in an organisation. 
 
(d) Discuss FOUR steps carried out during system requirements elicitation process. 


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August 2024

 3 Questions
Question 7
​​(a) Discuss THREE activities involved during information system requirements elicitation process. 
 
(b) Outline FOUR activities of an operating system in regard to management of secondary storage. 
 
(c) Describe FOUR environmental impact of ICT in business.    
 
(d) The introduction of new information technology raises new ethical, social, and political issues that must be dealt with on an individual, social, and political levels.  
  
 Discuss THREE moral dimensions raised by these issues. 


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Question 1

(a) Explain the function of an operating system in job accounting.       
 
(b) Highlight THREE ways in which operating systems authenticate users.        
 
(c) Outline FOUR functions of user documentation during the development of an information system.        
 
(d) Enumerate FIVE factors to consider when designing an information system output.           
 
(e) Information Communication Technology (ICT) has heightened ethical issues and exerted pressure on existing social arrangements. 
           
 Discuss THREE technological trends that are responsible for the above issues.


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Question 4
​​(a) Explain TWO circumstances that would necessiate an organisation to use the outsourcing method to acquire an information system. 
 
(b) Highlight FOUR limitations of cloud computing.
 
(c) Explain THREE circumstances that could necessitate setting up of a Local Area Network (LAN) in an organisation.
 
(d) Highlight SIX measures that could be used to minimise unethical ICT practices in an orgnisation.  


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April 2024

 2 Questions
Question 7
​​(a) (i)  Identify FOUR security threats in mobile applications. 
 
      (ii)  Propose an appropriate measure to mitigate each of the threats identified in (a) (i) above. 

(b) Social concerns in information systems are a crucial aspect of the development and implementation of information systems. These concerns are related to ethical, social, political and moral issues that arise from the use of information systems. 

Examine FOUR social issues in Information Systems. 
 
(c) Describe FOUR events that might spark an iterative process in software development. 


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Question 2
​​(a) The emergence of mobile communication applications has revolutionised how people communicate and interact with each other.  
 
Explain FOUR essential features of a communication application. 
 
(b) Outline SIX moral dimensions associated with information systems.
 
(c) A company uses cloud computing technology for data storage.  
 
Explain THREE ethical challenges the company might face while using this technology. 


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December 2023

 2 Questions
Question 6
​​(a) Explain the term “proofreading” as used in a word processing program. 

(b) State the unit of measuring a computer’s clock speed, RAM size, Hard disk size and monitor size.

(c) Discuss THREE challenges associated with the use of external hard drives.  
 
(d) Examine FOUR legal issues associated with the use of information systems. 


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Question 3
​​(a) Differentiate between pilot implementation methodology and parallel information systems implementation methodologies.  
 
(b) Highlight FOUR benefits of a network operating system to an organisation. 
 
(c) Outline FOUR roles of an Information Systems Analyst. 
 
(d) Explain TWO technical trends that generate ethical concerns.    
 
(e) (i)    Distinguish between systems analysis and systems design.
  
     (ii)  Citing TWO reasons, explain the purpose of the system development life cycle.


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August 2023

 2 Questions
Question 2d
​​Explain the impact of THREE technological trends that pose ethical challenges to organisations.


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Question 3
​​(a) Highlight TWO ethical issues that need to be considered by an  information systems development team. 
 
(b) Explain TWO types of computer networks under each of the following criterion: 
 
(i) Functionality.               
 
(ii) Ownership.   
 
(iii) Transmission media.     
 
(c) Assess THREE information system vulnerabilities and their respective countermeasures.   


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April 2023

 3 Questions
Question 3b
​Outline methods for controlling unethical behaviour in ICT.


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Question 1d
​ ​ ​​Highlight THREE ethical and THREE societal issues to the development and use of information technology.


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Question 7d
​​Explain ethical issues associated with increased dependency on information systems.


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December 2022

 4 Questions
Question 4d
​​Explain social issues that may arise from the use of information systems


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Question 5c
​​Assess methods of controlling unethical behaviour in ICT.


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Question 7b
​​Highlight legal and ethical issues that may arise from the use of information systems in a large-scale chain-based supermarket.


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Question 7c
​​Suggest strategies that a country could adopt to minimise the digital divide.


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August 2022

 5 Questions
Question 6
​​(a) An insurance company has decided that it no longer requires a physical Head Office. Its strategic aim is to become a virtual organisation. The company’s auditors have concerns that information held by the virtual company would lack security. 

Required: 
Describe three measures that could be adopted to ensure the information in the insurance company remain secure.

(b) Highlight three challenges of prosecuting ICT cases in court.

(c) Explain four application areas of cloud computing technology in a governance/accounting services firm. 

(d) Identify five major management challenges to building and implementing information systems within an organisation. 

(e) Outline two limitations of a touch screen as an input device. 


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Question 7
​ ​​(a) Explain three legal issues involved when a person who is a resident in Kenya or your country wants to purchase a car offered for sale in Japan via a server in Hungary. Assume he is doing online purchase through e-Commerce. 

(b) John Mbululu intends to implement cloud computing in his organisation but he has several concerns about cloud computing. 
      Suggest three possible concerns for John Mbululu. 

(c) One technique for gathering requirements during system development is the use of workshops. 
     Discuss two advantages and two disadvantages of using workshops for requirements gathering.

(d) (i) To minimise resistance during system changeover, it is always necessary to involve users. Identify four different ways of involving users in the system development process.

     (ii) Explain four approaches used in system changeover. 

    (iii) Explain the significance of an information centre in an organisation.


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Question 5
​​(a) Explain six reasons that would cause an information system project to fail during the implementation stage.

(b) In each of the following, explain how a spreadsheet program is used:

(i) Accounting.

(ii) Forecasting.

(c) Describe each of the following ethical issues in regard to computer technology:

(i) Trade marks.

(ii) Patent rights.

(d) Most organisations align their information systems functions to their business strategic plan.

Explain three benefits of this alignment.


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Question 4
​​(a) Citing three reasons, explain the importance of requirements gathering in system development.
 
(b) Justify why an information system is considered as an intellectual property. 
 
(c) Explain the following features of a presentation package: 
 
(i) Transition effects.            
 
(ii) Speaker notes. 
 
(iii) Templates. 
 
(d) The organisation where you work intends to set up a local area network.  
 
Advise your management team on three hardware components required to accomplish the above task. 
 
(e) Outline four factors that could be used when selecting the best software development methodology for a specific project. 


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Question 1
​​(a) Suggest the ethical issues resulting from each of the following technological trends:  
 
(i) Doubling of computing power every eighteen (18) months.              
 
(ii) Rapidly declining data storage costs.
 
(iii) Advances in networking and the internet.    
 
(b) Outline four characteristics of an open system.
 
(c) Describe five moral dimensions of information systems. 
 
(d) Outline three measurers that you could include in your business continuity plan. 
 
(e) Explain the purpose of HLOOKUP as used in spreadsheet applications.  


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April 2022

 2 Questions
Question 2
​ ​​(a) ABC Ltd. has opted to adopta decision support system in the restructure of its business processes. 

Required: 
(i) State three moral dimensions the company would consider from this move.

(ii) Outline three legal issues the company is likely to consider from this move. 

(b) Outline four possible causes of ICT project failure during system implementation. 

(c) (i) Explain the term "requirement elicitation" in relation to software development. 

     (ii) Explain two "requirements Elicitation" techniques. 

(d) Highlight four features of a word processing of application package.


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Question 1
​​(a) Explain five factors to consider when selecting a spreadsheet software.

(b) Explain the following terms as applied to data security in e-commerce.

    (i) Privacy. 
   
   (ii) Integrity. 

  (iii) Authentication.

  (iv) Non-repudiation.

(c) (i) Outline two advantages of a professional code of ethics. 

     (ii) Highlight two drawbacks of a professional code of ethics.

(d) Examine three impacts of the internet on the education sector.


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December 2021

 1 Questions
Question 2
​​(a) Discuss "sales and marketing systems" from a functional perspective. 

(b) Explain five moral dimensions of the information age in the context of information systems. 

(c) Alpha Limited is in the process of automating its operations.
     State four types of office automation systems that the company should adopt. 

(d) ABC Company intends to undertake an information systems project.
     Outline three challenges that the company is likely to face. 

(e) Explain three goals of a transaction processing system to an organisation.


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