December 2022

​​In a research publication on “Systemic Corruption and Public Procurement in Developing Countries”, the author noted that “Corruption in public procurement affects development and quality of life of citizens in developing countries. The increase in anti-corruption measures globally reflects a consensus that corruption is pervasive and expensive. Public procurement is one area that is prone to corruption due to the huge sums of money involved; the availability of information; and the bureaucratic nature of decision-making, which together present opportunities for abuse. In developing countries, procurement corruption is prevalent because of institutional weaknesses, lack of enforced accountability mechanisms and a culture of silence in relation to public sector malfeasance”. 

​​There is an ever-closer focus on improving the quality of public financial management around the world, with many countries making important and impressive achievements in strengthening public financial management. 

​​The National Treasury is established pursuant to Article 225 of the Constitution or equivalent legislation as an entity of the national government to help the government discharge the public financial management responsibilities. 

​​The Cabinet Secretary is empowered to guarantee loans of a county government or any other borrower on behalf of the national government and ensure that such a loan is approved by Parliament. 

​​Explain the responsibilities of the Senate Budget Committee in public finance matters as per relevant legislations.

​​Analyse TWO types of expenditure that are included in the consolidated fund services.

​​The Public Investment Management Unit was established at The National Treasury to reduce overlaps in government programs, curb runaway project costs and help to improve the quality of life for citizens. 

​​Most developing and transition countries have devoted an unprecedented level of attention to the reform of public financial management systems. The results have been mixed with some exceptions, reform progress has been slow and the benefits elusive. Nevertheless, some countries have been more successful in implementing public financial management reforms than others. 

​​The Head of Internal Audit Unit under a national government entity should enjoy operational independence through the reporting structure by reporting administratively to the Accounting Officer and functionally to the Audit Committee. 

​​In an annual conference held in your country on “Closing the gaps in budget execution”, the keynote speaker observed that the importance of budget execution is reflected in its contribution to economic growth. He added that efficient and effective use of public funds improves the capability of governments and its systems to utilise resources that achieve growth and development targets. 

​​The Public Audit Act 2015 empowers the Auditor-General to outsource audit services from duly registered audit firms. 

​​The Cabinet Secretary for The National Treasury has the responsibility of prescribing the format to be used in preparing the estimates of revenues for a particular fiscal year. 

​​Evaluate THREE types of funds administered by county governments as provisioned by the Public Finance Management Act, 2012 or its equivalent.